SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    584, 573, 561, 556, 553, 549, 545, 541, 
    525, 521, 517, 513, 507, 497, 492, 489, 
    486, 482, 455, 453, 452, 451, 450, 449, 
    448, 447, 446, 445, 444, 443, 442, 394, 
    378, 377, 371, 369, 368, 362, 228, 219, 
    218, 217, 212, 211, 210, 209, 207, 206, 
    204, 202, 197, 196, 195, 192, 189, 187, 
    184, 181, 177, 155, 154, 151, 107, 106, 
    105, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100, 82, 71, 
    51, 10, 9
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00124

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "52.96"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 76,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 15,
        "filtered": "19.93",
        "index_condition": "(`betaatif_store`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (584,573,561,556,553,549,545,541,525,521,517,513,507,497,492,489,486,482,455,453,452,451,450,449,448,447,446,445,444,443,442,394,378,377,371,369,368,362,228,219,218,217,212,211,210,209,207,206,204,202,197,196,195,192,189,187,184,181,177,155,154,151,107,106,105,104,103,102,101,100,82,71,51,10,9))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "51.45",
          "eval_cost": "1.51",
          "prefix_cost": "52.96",
          "data_read_per_join": "363"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`betaatif_store`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`betaatif_store`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}